Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is a serious condition originating in the ovaries. It often goes undetected in its early stages due to non-specific symptoms, leading to advanced diagnosis. The most common type is epithelial ovarian cancer, affecting the outer layer of the ovaries.
Causes
Family history of ovarian/breast cancer
Hormone therapy and reproductive history
BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations
Age (more common in postmenopausal women)
Obesity and lifestyle factors
Diagnosis
Pelvic exam: Checks for abnormalities in the ovaries.
Imaging (ultrasound/CT scans): Visualizes tumors.
CA-125 blood test: Measures tumor marker levels.
Biopsy: Confirms malignancy through tissue examination.
Genetic testing: For BRCA mutations in high-risk patients.
Treatment
Surgery
- Debulking surgery: Removes as much of the tumor as possible.
- Hysterectomy: Removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus to prevent spread.
Chemotherapy
Administered either intravenously or directly into the abdomen (intraperitoneal). It targets rapidly dividing cancer cells and is commonly used after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.
Hormonal Therapy
Employed in hormone-sensitive ovarian tumors to block estrogen, which can stimulate cancer growth.
Immunotherapy
Newer treatments harness the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells and are being explored for advanced cases.
Targeted Therapy
- PARP inhibitors (like Olaparib) block enzymes that cancer cells need to repair damaged DNA, especially in patients with BRCA mutations.
- Bevacizumab (Avastin) prevents the formation of new blood vessels feeding tumors.
Radiation Therapy
Used less frequently but may be applied for specific cases to shrink localized tumors or alleviate symptoms.
Conclusion
Early detection remains challenging, but advancements in treatments offer hope. Regular screenings, especially for high-risk individuals, can improve outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach with surgery, chemotherapy, and emerging therapies ensures better survival rates and quality of life.
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