Heart Valve Disease
Heart Valve Disease occurs when one or more valves in the heart fail to function properly, disrupting the flow of blood through the heart and to the rest of the body. The heart contains four valves—aortic, mitral, pulmonary, and tricuspid—which ensure that blood flows in the correct direction. However, valve malfunction may involve incomplete opening or closing, affecting circulation and potentially leading to serious complications. Depending on the severity and the affected valve, treatment options may range from lifestyle modifications to surgical interventions, such as valve repair or replacement.
Causes
Heart valve disease can occur due to congenital defects, infections, or age-related changes. Understanding the anatomy and function of the heart's valves helps clarify how these conditions develop. Each valve has leaflets (or cusps) that open and close with every heartbeat to maintain proper blood flow.
Key types and causes of valve malfunction include:
Stenosis
Regurgitation
Prolapse
Atresia:
Common causes:
Congenital defects
Infections
Age-related degeneration
Heart conditions
Chronic diseases
Symptoms
Heart valve disease may remain asymptomatic for many years, but as the condition progresses, symptoms can emerge, including:
Shortness of breath, especially during activity or lying down
Fatigue and weakness
Chest pain or discomfort
Dizziness or fainting (syncope)
Swelling in the ankles, feet, or abdomen (edema)
Palpitations or irregular heartbeat
When to Seek Medical Advice
If you experience any of these symptoms, it's important to consult a healthcare professional. A cardiologist - specializing in heart diseases can conduct a thorough evaluation to diagnose the condition and recommend treatment.
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Chest X-ray
Cardiac MRI or CT scan
Cardiac catheterization
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity, the affected valve, and the patient’s overall health. Options include:
Medications
Diuretics to reduce fluid build-up
Blood pressure medications to manage hypertension
Anticoagulants to prevent blood clots
Beta-blockers to regulate heart rate
Lifestyle Changes
Eating a heart-healthy diet
Exercising regularly (under medical supervision)
Avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol
Surgical Procedures
Valve Repair: Preferred when the valve structure can be preserved. Techniques include reshaping leaflets or repairing tears.
Valve Replacement: If repair isn't feasible, the valve is replaced with a mechanical valve or a bioprosthetic valve (from animal tissue).
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): A less invasive procedure for high-risk patients.