Aortic Aneurysm
An aortic aneurysm occurs when a section of the aorta, the body’s largest artery, becomes weak and bulges out, forming a balloon-like structure. The aorta carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Depending on the location, the aneurysm can form in:
- Abdominal aorta (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, AAA)
- Thoracic aorta (Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm, TAA)
Aortic aneurysms can develop silently, without noticeable symptoms, but if they rupture, they can cause life-threatening complications, including internal bleeding.
Causes
Several factors can contribute to the weakening of the aortic wall, leading to an aneurysm. Common causes include:
Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque in arteries that makes them stiff and narrow.
Infections: Rarely, conditions like syphilis can affect the aortic walls.
Trauma or injury: Aortic aneurysms can develop after severe chest or abdominal injuries.
Connective tissue disorders: Genetic conditions like Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome that weaken connective tissues.
High blood pressure (hypertension): Increases the stress on the arterial walls over time.
Risk factors include: Smoking, Age over 65 years, Male sex (men are more prone to abdominal aneurysms), Family history of aneurysms, High cholesterol and hypertension
Symptoms
Aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they enlarge or rupture. Symptoms vary based on the aneurysm’s location and size.
Bleeding or infection at the surgical site.
Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats).
Blood clots, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke.
Kidney problems or temporary memory issues.
Prolonged dependence on a breathing machine in rare cases.
Symptoms of a Growing Aortic Aneurysm
- Chest, back, or abdominal pain
- Difficulty swallowing or shortness of breath (for thoracic aneurysms)
- Feeling of fullness after eating small meals (abdominal aneurysms)
- Swelling in the face, arms, or neck
Symptoms of a Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm (Medical Emergency)
- Sudden, severe chest or abdominal pain
- Rapid heart rate
- Lightheadedness or dizziness
- Loss of consciousness
If an aneurysm ruptures, it requires immediate medical attention, as internal bleeding can be fatal without prompt intervention.
Diagnosis
Since many aneurysms are asymptomatic, they are often discovered during routine check-ups or imaging tests conducted for other conditions.
Ultrasound: Frequently used to detect abdominal aneurysms.
MRI and MRI Angiography: Help detect aneurysms and examine their impact on nearby structures.
CT Scan and CT Angiography: Provide detailed images of the aorta to detect aneurysms and assess their size.
X-rays: May incidentally reveal thoracic aneurysms.
Regular screening is recommended for individuals with high-risk factors, such as smokers or those with a family history of aneurysms.
Treatment
The treatment approach depends on the aneurysm’s size, location, and risk of rupture.
Medical Management (for small, unruptured aneurysms):
- Blood pressure management: Use of medications to control hypertension and reduce strain on the aorta.
- Cholesterol management: Statins help lower cholesterol levels, reducing plaque buildup.
- Lifestyle changes: Quitting smoking, eating heart-healthy foods, and exercising regularly can slow aneurysm growth.
- Monitoring:Routine imaging tests are recommended to track aneurysm size and progression.
Surgical Treatment (for large or at-risk aneurysms):
- Open Aneurysm Repair: The damaged section of the aorta is removed and replaced with a synthetic graft. This approach is more invasive but effective, especially for ruptured aneurysms.
- Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR or TEVAR): A minimally invasive procedure where a catheter is used to insert a stent graft into the aorta. The graft reinforces the artery wall and prevents further bulging.
Recovery and Complications after Surgery
Recovery from aneurysm surgery can take several weeks to months, depending on the procedure type. Patients require close follow-up to monitor for complications and ensure the aneurysm does not recur or grow.
Potential Complications
- Endoleak: Leakage of blood around the graft used during endovascular repair.
- Blood clots: Formation of clots around the graft or within the aorta.
- Infections at the surgical site or graft location.
- Graft movement: The stent graft may shift from its original position.
Prevention
While not all aortic aneurysms can be prevented, adopting healthy habits can reduce the risk of developing them:
- Control blood pressure and cholesterol: Medications and lifestyle adjustments can reduce arterial damage.
- Quit smoking: Tobacco use is a major risk factor.
- Eat a balanced diet: A heart-healthy diet helps prevent atherosclerosis.
- Exercise regularly: Physical activity improves cardiovascular health.
- Routine screenings: High-risk individuals should undergo regular imaging tests to catch aneurysms early.
Conclusion
Aortic aneurysms are serious conditions that may develop silently but pose life-threatening risks if they rupture. Early detection through regular screening and monitoring is essential for individuals with risk factors. With medical management, lifestyle changes, and timely surgical interventions, patients can effectively manage an aneurysm and reduce the risk of complications. Seeking immediate care for any signs of rupture is critical for survival and improved outcomes.
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