Genitourinary Cancer
Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the tissues of the bladder, a hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine. Bladder cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent, especially among men, and is often linked to risk factors such as smoking, exposure to industrial chemicals, and certain infections.
Causes of Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer can develop due to several factors. The following are some of the common causes and risk factors:
Smoking: The most significant risk factor, as harmful chemicals in tobacco can damage the bladder lining.
Schistosomiasis: A parasitic infection found in some regions of India, especially in rural areas, can increase the risk of bladder cancer.
Chemical Exposure: Long-term exposure to industrial chemicals, such as those used in the textile, dye, rubber, leather, and paint industries, increases the risk.
Age and Gender: It is more common in older adults, especially men.
Chronic Bladder Infections: Repeated bladder infections or inflammation can contribute to bladder cancer.
Family History: A family history of bladder cancer may increase the likelihood of developing it.
Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
The symptoms of bladder cancer may be subtle in the early stages but become more noticeable as the disease progresses. Some common symptoms include:
Blood in Urine (Hematuria): This is the most common symptom. It may cause the urine to appear pink, red, or brown.
Frequent Urination: An urge to urinate more often than usual, even without much urine.
Pelvic or Back Pain: Pain may develop in the later stages of cancer if it spreads to other parts of the body.
Urinary Incontinence: Difficulty in controlling the flow of urine in advanced cases.
Pain or Burning During Urination: Discomfort while passing urine.
Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of the following tests:
Urine Test (Urinalysis)
Detects blood or abnormal cells in the urine.
Cystoscopy
A thin tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to visually examine the bladder lining.
Biopsy
During a cystoscopy, tissue samples may be taken to check for cancer cells
Imaging Tests
CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds help detect abnormalities in the bladder.
CT Scan or MRI
To determine if the cancer has spread to other organs.
Ultrasound
Sometimes used to detect tumors in the bladder.
Urine Cytology
Examines urine under a microscope to check for cancer cells.
Treatment for Bladder Cancer
The treatment of bladder cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the patient’s overall health, and other factors. Common treatment options in India include:
Surgery
- Transurethral Resection (TURBT): Used in early-stage bladder cancer. It involves removing cancerous tissues through the urethra.
- Cystectomy: Partial or complete removal of the bladder in more advanced cases.
- Reconstruction: If the bladder is removed, the surgeon can create a new way for urine to leave the body, either through a urostomy or a neobladder.
Chemotherapy
- Used to kill cancer cells, either before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy) or after surgery to prevent recurrence.
- Intravesical chemotherapy involves placing the drug directly into the bladder to target cancerous cells.
Radiation Therapy
Uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells, especially if surgery is not an option.
Immunotherapy
- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy, a form of immunotherapy, is widely used in India for treating bladder cancer. It involves placing a weakened bacterium directly into the bladder to activate the immune system to attack cancer cells.
- Newer immunotherapy drugs can help the body’s immune system better identify and attack bladder cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy
Targets specific molecules involved in cancer growth, though it’s less commonly used for bladder cancer than for other cancers.
Follow-up Care
Regular monitoring is necessary post-treatment to detect any recurrence. This includes periodic cystoscopies, urine tests, and imaging as recommended by the oncologist.
Conclusion
Bladder cancer, when diagnosed early, has a high chance of successful treatment. Awareness of the symptoms and risk factors, along with timely medical attention, can significantly improve outcomes. With India’s advancements in cancer care, including access to specialized treatment options like BCG therapy, patients can receive high-quality care at affordable costs.
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