Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is a serious condition originating in the ovaries. It often goes undetected in its early stages due to non-specific symptoms, leading to advanced diagnosis. The most common type is epithelial ovarian cancer, affecting the outer layer of the ovaries.

Causes

Family history of ovarian/breast cancer

BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations

Hormone therapy and reproductive history

Age (more common in postmenopausal women)

Obesity and lifestyle factors

Diagnosis

Pelvic exam: Checks for abnormalities in the ovaries

Imaging (Ultrasound/CT scans): Visualizes tumors

CA-125 blood test: Measures tumor marker levels

Biopsy: Confirms malignancy through tissue examination

Genetic testing: For BRCA mutations in high-risk patients

Treatment

Surgery

Debulking surgery: Removes as much of the tumor as possible

Hysterectomy: Removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus to prevent spread

Chemotherapy

Administered either intravenously or directly into the abdomen (intraperitoneal). It targets rapidly dividing cancer cells and is commonly used after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.

Hormonal Therapy

Employed in hormone-sensitive ovarian tumors to block estrogen, which can stimulate cancer growth.

Immunotherapy

Newer treatments harness the body's immune system to fight cancer cells and are being explored for advanced cases.

Targeted Therapy

PARP inhibitors: (like Olaparib) block enzymes that cancer cells need to repair damaged DNA, especially in patients with BRCA mutations.

Bevacizumab: (Avastin) prevents the formation of new blood vessels feeding tumors.

Radiation Therapy

Used less frequently but may be applied for specific cases to shrink localized tumors or alleviate symptoms.

Conclusion

Early detection remains challenging, but advancements in treatments offer hope. Regular screenings, especially for high-risk individuals, can improve outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach with surgery, chemotherapy, and emerging therapies ensures better survival rates and quality of life.

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Ovarian Cancer

Causes

Diagnosis

Treatment

Surgery

Chemotherapy

Hormonal Therapy

Immunotherapy

Targeted Therapy

Radiation Therapy

Conclusion

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